Emerging technologies empowered by advanced biosensors are defining successful commercialization of life-changing medical devices. In recent years, design innovation, in digital-health technologies, have provided a continual stream of ground-breaking tools to support improved patient Healthcare and wellness conditions. Biosensors are viewed as value-add components for integrated use within patient-centered Smart Healthcare frameworks, for use inside healthcare and clinic facilities and patient home settings.

Healthcare Point-of-Care (POC) biosensor-based solutions are examples of how technology can significantly improve patient care with integrated use of functionally-rich sensors and real-time and remote health monitoring systems.

Point-of-Care testing, or bedside testing, is defined as medical diagnostic testing at or near the point of patient care. This differs with the traditional pattern in which testing confined to the medical facilities, entailed sending specimens from the point of care and waiting excessive hours or days to receive the results, during which time patient care must continue without the required information. More than two-third of Americans have smartphones, and thus, there is real potential for future use of mobile apps and wearable sensors supporting people seeking to participating in monitoring their medical or wellness conditions.

Biosensor solutions typically comprise an array of biosensor devices, including wearable and implantable with the capability to accurately discover, monitor, measure, and quickly report physiological parameters such as heart rate, oxygen saturation, changes in plasma protein profile, muscle activity, body movements, and patterns of multiple biomarkers and their concentration.

Sensor data is communicated to a mobile or other digital device, via Bluetooth, which in turn transmits the sensed signals to a cloud-based patient management application. Such data can trigger patient alerts that enable physicians and clinicians to quickly diagnose and warn of health exposure, prescribe personalized treatment regimens, or help individuals improve the monitoring and management of an existing healthcare and/or wellness condition. These insights could also reduce the frequency of physician visits and lab tests.

Biosensor solutions, have been successfully integrated and deployed by best-in-class healthcare providers, within the Internet of Things (IoT) technical approach and seamless integration of Mobile and Edge Computing technologies, and AI – Machine Learning tools.

Biosensor solutions; have successfully evolved in capabilities, in recent years, and continually demonstrate substantial improvements in body component detection and response time. A key function of biosensor solutions is the ability to continually learn and understand patient conditions with use of AI – machine learning technology, that is used to generate more accurate patient health baselines and identify problems autonomously by detecting preset medical trends using personalized algorithms.

“Treatment without prevention is simply unsustainable.”
Bill Gates

Smart Healthcare Characteristics

In the current environment the characteristics of Smart Healthcare as demonstrated by healthcare organizations, at all levels, include:

• Accurate patient diagnosing and treating illness conditions and wellness services with point of care and other technology solution support.
• Appropriate treatments and services delivered to patients at prescribed time, agreed location, with suitable technology devices and medicines.
• Correct assignment of credentialed clinicians to support prescribed patient conditions and treatments services.
  Cost-effective delivery patient models (bringing healthcare services to remote and unserved geographies)
• High productive clinicians with ensuing increase in patient face time.
• Proactive patient involvement in their testing and treatment plans.
• Secure, central and easily accessible patient records.
• Streamlined patient care models with absence of resource waste.
• Teaming of all patient healthcare care clinicians / healthcare professionals, effectively and efficiently sharing, updating and using correct and up-to-date patient information.

Biosensor: Definition

A biosensor is a biological detection solution consisting of a biological component and transducer and re used to detect and quantify biological material associated with a disease state or health condition (biomarkers). Biosensors are based on the integrated use of biological and physio-chemical components.

Biological

Biological components include macro-molecules such as antibodies, enzymes, tissue slices used to recognize and interact with a specific analyte.

Physiochemical

Physiochemical components include transducers that converts the interactions into signals and later amplified with respect to its concentration of analyte.

Biosensors: Types

There are different types of biosensors based on the sensor devices and the biological materials as outlined below:

• Image Sensors
• Inertial Sensors
• Medical Based Sensors
• Motion Sensors
• Position Sensors
• Pressure Sensors
• Temperature Sensors
• Others

“We are all now connected by the Internet, like neurons in a giant brain.”
Stephen Hawking

Biosensors: Healthcare Applications

Biosensors can be grouped into the below healthcare applications:

• Diagnostics
• Imaging
• Medical Therapeutics
• Monitoring
• Wellness and Fitness

Biosensors: Development Generations

Since the development of the first oxygen biosensor by Led and Clark in 1962, biosensors have gained significant attention in recent years in medicine and nanotechnology. Biosensor solutions have shown an immense potential for applications in medical diagnostics and numerous industries like pharmaceutical, food, beverages, environmental, agricultural, and many other biotechnological industries

There are three widely-recognized generations of biosensors encompassing:

First Generation Biosensors

This generation focused on where the normal product of the reaction diffuses to the transducer and causes the electrical response.

Second Generation Biosensors

This generation focused on where specific mediators between the reaction and the transducer in order to generate improved response.

Third Generation Biosensors

This generation focused on where the reaction itself causes the response and no product or mediator diffusion is directly involved.

“Without data, you’re just another person with an opinion.”
W. Edwards Deming

Biosensors: Healthcare Focus

Healthcare is currently recognized as the dominant segment in the global biosensors industry. Biosensors have an array of vital uses in medical science such as blood glucose monitoring, drug discovery, drug analysis, and whole blood analyzers. Healthcare biosensors are used in hospitals to support real-time point-of-care testing and blood gases monitoring. As the awareness regarding health and wellness is increasing, the use of biosensors in diagnostics is concurrently growing.

The National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine reports:

Immense potentiality of biosensors in medical diagnostics has driven scientists in evolution of biosensor technologies and innovating newer tools in time. The cornerstone of the popularity of biosensors in sensing wide range of biomolecules in medical diagnostics is due to their simplicity in operation, higher sensitivity, ability to perform multiplex analysis, and capability to be integrated with different function by the same chip.

There remains a huge challenge to meet the demands of performance and yield to its simplicity and affordability. Ultimate goal stands for providing point-of-care testing facility to the remote areas worldwide, particularly the developing countries. It entails continuous development in technology towards multiplexing ability, fabrication, and miniaturization of biosensor devices so that they can provide lab-on-chip-analysis systems to the community.

“What gets measured gets improved.”
Peter Drucker

Medical Sensors Patches

Medical sensor patches are digital solutions placed on the body that enable constant and semi continuous monitoring of physiological and cognitive parameters, including skin temperature measurement to more sophisticated electrocardiogram measurements without tethering the patients to a wired computer system hub.

The sensor patch is introducing improved methods to deliver healthcare services in clinical and remote settings enabling total patient safety and comfort. This sensor technology is also used to uncover biological and physiological changes related with individual’s state of mind. The modulation of physiological state is recognized by the sympathetic and parasympathetic subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system. Multiplied sympathetic nervous system activity leads to amplified heart rate, blood pressure and sweating leading to changes in skin conductivity.

Medical Sensor Research

A team of researchers from Brigham and Women’s Hospital (BWH), MIT, and Harvard Medical School has developed a wireless sensor system capable of powering and communicating with devices implanted within the human body.

The team’s sensor solution, In-Vivo Networking (IVN), relies on a variety of antennas that emit radio waves of different frequencies. The devices are powered by radio frequency waves, versus electricity, and is the size of a grain of rice. The device uses slightly different frequencies, when the high points of the waves overlap, they combine to create energy.

Currently, implantable medical devices, such as pacemakers, typically rely on batteries with a limited lifespan and take up most of the space on the device.

“Having the capacity to communicate with these systems without the need for a battery would be a significant advance. These devices could be compatible with sensing conditions as well as aiding in the delivery of a drug,” says Giovanni Traverso, assistant professor at Brigham and Women’s Hospital (BWH), Harvard Medical School, a research affiliate at MIT’s Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research.

Biosensors: 2018 Trends

The important biosensor trends recognized for 2018 include:

Business Wire (Berkshire Hathaway Company) reports:

• Globally disposable medical sensors market witnesses a lucrative growth with a CAGR of 6.18% for the forecast period from 2018 to 2026.
• Cost effectiveness and reduction in hygiene risks drive the rising adoption of disposable medical sensors market.
• Among all sensor types, biosensors expected to attain largest market share during the period from 2016 to 2026.
• The introduction of smart connectivity options enables remote monitoring of patients thus catalyzing the growth of patient monitoring devices.

Report Buyer reports:

• The high prevalence of chronic diseases has resulted in massive economic burden of healthcare spending. The technological advancements in the field of point of care testing based on biosensing technologies, are anticipated to address the problem of massive healthcare burden and aid in combating several prime concerns to the global health.
• The growing geriatric population and high prevalence of chronic diseases have significantly elevated the demand for clinical diagnostic services. By 2030, the global economic impact of five leading chronic diseases: cancer, diabetes, mental illness, heart disease, and respiratory disease, is anticipated to reach $47 trillion.
• Different types of biosensing technologies currently in use are electrochemical, optical, piezoelectric, and thermal. In less turnaround time, biosensors have become an essential tool for the healthcare companies and laboratories that are facing increasing level of demand for the point of care testing devices and home diagnostics.
• The invasive nature of traditional laboratory procedures causes considerable pressure on the patient due to the frequent physical trauma which made continuous monitoring of the disease practically impossible. Moreover, the growing burden of geriatric population has elevated the requirement of devices enabling continuous monitoring of a disease with short turnaround times.

“Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration.”

Thomas A. Edison